考点分类练(十一)　词句猜测题——代词指代类A(2021·山东淄博一模)Severalyearsago,whensomeoneusedcameracoverstoprotectagainstpossiblemonitoring,itwasnotpopulartotalkaboutit.Today,peopleusevarioustypesoftapestocoverthewebcamerasandmicrophones.Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.Suchprogrammesmayinfectnotonlycomputersbutalsosmartphones.YourdatamaybeusedbyhackerswhowilltrytorequestmoneyfornotexposingyourprivateinformationorbycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto“provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime”.Inmyopinion,theprotectiontechniqueishighlyoverestimated.Userstapethecamerasandmicrophonesthroughlackofunderstandingofhowtheirdevicesworkandhowthemalware(恶意软件)works.Hackersandevensecretservicesdonothaveenoughresourcestomonitorallvictimsusingthecamerasormicrophones.Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.Itisunwisetobelievethatattackerswillnotbeabletofindawaytospyonyou,evenifthedevice,dischargedtozero,canstilldeliverdataaboutyourlocation,usingthesmartphonesofthesurroundingpeopleassignalrepeaters.Letusfaceit:weliveinanerawhenitisextremelydifficulttohidesomethingandapieceoftapeisclearlynotthemostusefultoolinthestruggleforyourprivacy.Again,tobeabletospyonyou,attackersneedtoplantthemalwareinyourdevice.Topreventthemalwarefromenteringyourdevice,donotclicksuspectedlinksandemailattachments.Usestrongpasswordsforemail,socialmediaandonlinebankaccounts.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph2referto?A.Cameras.　　　　　　　B.Types.C.Programmes.D.Devices.2.WhatisNSOGroup?A.Agroupofhackers.B.Acompanydevelopingspyware.C.Agroupofterroristsandcriminals.D.Acompanyfightingagainstcrime.3.Whydoestheauthorthink“theprotectiontechniqueishighlyoverestimated”?A.Peopleknowlittleabouttheirdevices.B.Hackershavenoaccesstoothers.C.Ithardlypreventsthemalwarefromgettingprivacy.D.Itcan’tcoverthecamerascompletely.B(2021·安徽合肥高三第二次教学质量检测)Eversinceshereceivedalittletoyairlinerasabirthdaygift,Katehasbeenattractedbyflight. Fromflyingremote-controlledairplanestobuildingherownmodelones,Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions,butonlyuntilrecentlyhasshebeenabletotakethattonewheights.WhenKateheardabouttheUpwindScholarshipfromherschoolcounselor,sheknewitwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream.Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.Aftercompletingalengthyapplicationandhersubsequentacceptanceintotheprogramme,Katebeganhertraininglastspring.Normally,recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.Duetothepandemic,however,Katespenthourseachweekendstudyingonlinelessonsinherroomwhenevershegotabreakfromhomework.Oncesummercamearound,Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttrainingfromninetofiveeveryday.“Itwasthetoughestpartoftheprogramme,”Katesaid.Aftercompletingthatportionofgroundschool,KatewasfinallyabletobeginflyingattheSanCarlosAirportwiththeotherscholarshiprecipientsfromaroundtheBayArea.Flying,especiallyforfirst-timerslikeKate,isahands-onprocessinvolvinglotsofcheckliststomakesuretheimportanttasksarebeingtakencareof.Now,havingfinishedtheprogrammeandearnedherPPL,Kateplansontrainingasaflightinstructorandhopestobecomeanairlinepilotinherfuture.ShecreditstheUpwindScholarshipforallshe’sbeenabletoaccomplishsofarandhopesthatanyonewhosharesherpassionwilllookintoit.“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight,”Katesaid.“Itcan’tbesomethinglike‘Oh,whydon’tItryflyingthissummer?’Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph1referto?A.Herskillofbuildingmodelairplanes.B.Herwishtotravelaroundtheworld.C.Herchildhooddreamofbecomingapilot.D.Herdesiretoflyremote-controlledairplanes.5.WhatisthegoaloftheUpwindScholarship?A.Tohelpstudentsinneedtoachievetheirdreams.B.Toprovidenecessarytrainingforprivatepilotsforfree.C.Togivestudentsexpertadviceonearningascholarship.D.Topreparehighschoolstudentstobecomeaprivatepilot.6.WhatdidKatedoingroundschool?A.Shetookonlinelessonsonflying.B.Shewentoverthefundamentalsofflying.C.Shedidsomeresearchintothepandemic.D.Shefinishedapplyingfortheprogramme.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesKate?A.Confidentandaggressive.B.Strong-willedandpatient.C.Demandingandcourageous. D.Ambitiousandhard-working.C(2021·河北秦皇岛二模)Everyfourorfiveyears,vastquantitiesofwarmwaterbuildupalongthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.Thisphenomenon,ElNiño,createsstormsthatcausedestructivefloods.Theresultiscostly.ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNiño.Theyusemoneysavedingoodyearstorebuildinbadones.Buthistorysuggestsitneednotbelikethat.Inapaperpublishedrecently,AriCaramanica,anarchaeologistinLima,showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe“better”.DrCaramanicaandhercolleagueshavebeenstudyingthePampadeMocan,acoastaldesertplaininnorthernPeru.Itisnotsuitableforfarming.Itssoilcontainslittleorganicmatterandtheannualrainfallinnon-Niñoyearsisusuallylessthantwocentimetres.Today’sfarmersthereforedependoncanalstocarrywaterfromlocalriverstotheirfields.Ithadbeenassumedthatancientfarmershadasimilararrangement—andsotheydid.ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcouldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmodernfarms.ShethoughtthattheywereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNiñoyears.AroundaquarteroftheancientagriculturalinfrastructureofthisareaseemedtohavebeenbuiltonlyformanagingNiño-generatedfloodwaters.Evidencefrompollensupportsthistheory,revealingthatthePampadeMocanproducedlotsofcropsinsomeyears,whileremainingnearlybarreninothers.Theteamalsouncoveredtwocisterns(蓄水箱)intheareaservicedbytheextendedcanals.These,probably,wereusedtostoreextrafloodwaters.Thesefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNiño,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwerereadytomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.Modernfarmersmightdowelltolearnfromthem.8.Whatdoestherecentstudyfocuson?A.LivingwithElNiño.B.EffectsofElNiño.C.Farminginthedesert.D.WatershortageinPeru.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph4referto?A.Ancientfarmers.B.Rivers.C.Farms.D.Canals.10.Whatlessoncanbelearnedfromearlyfarmers?A.Everyadvantagehasitsdisadvantage.B.Ineverydifficultyliesanopportunity.C.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.D.It’snevertoolatetomend.11.Inwhichsectionofawebsitemaythistextappear?A.Education.B.Travel.C.Business.D.Science. 考点分类练(十一)　词句猜测题——代词指代类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是如何保护我们设备上的隐私。1.D　解析:代词指代题。根据第二段的“Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.”可知,有许多类型的间谍软件可以潜入我们的设备并秘密监视它们,记录它们所做的一切。由此推知,画线词them指代的是前面提到的devices。故选D项。2.B　解析:推理判断题。根据第二段的“...bycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto‘provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime’.”可知,这些公司为所授权的政府提供有助于打击恐怖行动和犯罪的科技。由此推断,NSOGroup是研发间谍软件的公司。故选B项。3.C　解析:推理判断题。由题干信息可定位到文章第三段的首句,根据第三段的“Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.”可知,这种保护技术很难阻止恶意软件获取隐私。故选C项。【帮你拓知识】必背单词①devicen.设备;装置;仪器②exposev.暴露;揭露;显露重点语块③spyonsb暗中监视,窥探某人④behighlyoverestimated被过高估计⑤bankaccounts银行账户【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了凯特从小就爱好飞行,并且为了实现成为一名飞行员的梦想所做出的努力。4.C　解析:代词指代题。根据画线词前一句提到的Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions和第二段开头提到itwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream可知,凯特从小就爱好飞行,驾驶飞机是她的梦想。由此推测,that指代“她想成为一名飞行员的梦想”。故选C项。5.D　解析:细节理解题。根据第二段的“Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.”可知,它的目标是让高中生为成为一名私人飞行员做好准备。故选D项。6.B　解析:细节理解题。根据第三段的“...recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.”和“...Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttraining...”可知,凯特在地面学校回顾飞行的基础知识。故选B项。7.D　解析:推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可推断,凯特很有志向;再由最后一段中凯特所说的话“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight...Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”可知,凯特为了获得奖学金很努力。由此推断, 凯特很有雄心壮志,而且为了梦想非常努力。故选D项。【帮你拓知识】重点语块①freeofcharge免费②alengthyapplication很长的申请③inperson亲自【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。在最近发表的一篇论文中,一位考古学家展示了过去的农民是如何利用厄尔尼诺现象来帮助农业生产的,文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及发现。8.A　解析:细节理解题。根据第二段的“ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNiño...Inapaperpublishedrecently...showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe‘better’.”可知,最近的研究集中在与厄尔尼诺现象共存。故选A项。9.D　解析:代词指代题。根据画线词前一句“ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcouldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmodernfarms.”以及后面的wereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNiñoyears可知,Caramanica博士认为上文提到的八条运河是为了引洪。由此推知,they指代的是“运河”。故选D项。10.B　解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Thesefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNiño,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwerereadytomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.”可知,当厄尔尼诺现象到来时,早期农民并没有进行抵制,而是做好了利用它的准备。由此推知,我们可以从早期农民那里学到“每一个困难中都蕴藏着机会”这一道理。故选B项。11.D　解析:推理判断题。通读文章可知,在最近发表的一篇论文中,一位考古学家展示了过去的农民是如何利用厄尔尼诺现象来帮助农业生产的,而文章正是介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及发现。由此推知,文章可能选自网站的“科学”版面。故选D项。【帮你拓知识】必背单词①destructiveadj.破坏性的②uncoverv.发现③extendedadj.延长了的;扩展了的重点语块④cometotermswith...与……达成协议,妥协⑤beyondtherangeof...超出……的范围⑥beintendedto...旨在;意图……精彩句式⑦Modernfarmersmightdowelltolearnfromthem.现代农民不妨向他们学习。